According to Julian Young, Martin Heidegger was a Luddite in his early philosophical phase and believed in the destruction of modern technology and a return to an earlier agrarian world.[12] However, the later Heidegger did not see technology as wholly negative and did not call for its abandonment or destruction.[13] In The Question Concerning Technology (1953), Heidegger posited that the modern technological “mode of Being” was one which viewed the natural world, plants, animals, and even human beings as a “standing-reserve” — resources to be exploited as means to an end.[13] To illustrate this “monstrousness”, Heidegger uses the example of a hydroelectric plant on the Rhine river which turns the river from an unspoiled natural wonder to just a supplier of hydropower. In this sense, technology is not just the collection of tools, but a way of Being in the world and of understanding the world which is instrumental and grotesque. According to Heidegger, this way of Being defines the modern way of living in the West.[13] For Heidegger, this technological process ends up reducing beings to not-beings, which Heidegger calls ‘the abandonment of Being’ and involves the loss of any sense of awe and wonder, as well as an indifference to that loss.[13]